# Glossary & Sources -- Sub-Saharan Africa Hormuz Crisis ## Data verified May 21, 2026; corrected May 23, 2026 --- ## Glossary **Biomass:** Wood, charcoal, crop waste used for cooking and heating. Primary energy source for most of Sub-Saharan Africa. The fallback when modern fuels become unaffordable. **Brent crude:** Global oil benchmark price. Priced in USD per barrel. **CFA franc:** Currency shared by 8 UEMOA countries, pegged to the euro (655.957 CFA = 1 EUR). Removes independent monetary policy -- countries cannot devalue to absorb import shocks. **Dangote Refinery:** 650,000 bpd refinery near Lagos, Nigeria. Largest in Africa. Operational since 2024. Sources only 5 of 13-15 monthly crude cargoes domestically due to upstream underinvestment. **Diesel/gasoil:** Middle distillate fuel. Powers trucks, generators, ships, farming equipment, mining. The backbone fuel of Sub-Saharan Africa's economy. NOT the same as petrol/gasoline. **EPRA:** Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (Kenya). Sets monthly fuel price caps. https://www.epra.go.ke **EWURA:** Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (Tanzania). Sets monthly fuel price caps. https://www.ewura.go.tz **Forex reserves:** Foreign currency held by a central bank for imports and debt service. Measured in USD. **GERD:** Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. 5,150 MW hydroelectric project on the Blue Nile. **Hormuz, Strait of:** Chokepoint between Iran and Oman. ~21 nautical miles wide at narrowest point. ~17-20 million barrels of oil transit daily under normal conditions. Mined and blockaded by Iran on February 28, 2026. **IEA:** International Energy Agency. 38 member countries. Coordinates strategic petroleum reserve releases. https://www.iea.org **LPG:** Liquefied petroleum gas. Cooking fuel. Competes with biomass (wood/charcoal) in SSA. **NMDPRA:** Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority. Tracks fuel import and distribution data. **NUPRC:** Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission. Tracks crude oil production. **PMS:** Premium Motor Spirit. Nigerian term for petrol/gasoline. **SPR:** Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Government-held emergency oil stocks. South Africa is the only SSA country with IEA-scale SPR capacity. **UEMOA:** 8 West African countries sharing the CFA franc. Members: Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, Guinea-Bissau. **Urea:** Nitrogen fertilizer produced from natural gas. SSA imports the vast majority of its fertilizer. ## Sources ### Nigeria - NUPRC -- crude oil production data, February 2026. https://www.nuprc.gov.ng - NMDPRA via Inquirer.ng -- petrol import share (62% in 2025, 71% in peak months), January 2026 - CBN Governor -- foreign reserves $50.45B, February 2026. https://www.cbn.gov.ng - Nairametrics -- foreign reserves declined to ~$48.4B by April 20, 2026. https://nairametrics.com - Punchng.com / Guardian NG -- Dangote Refinery utilization - IEA World Energy Balances -- biomass 73.5% of Nigeria's primary energy (2018 data). https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics ### Ethiopia - BBC Amharic -- Minister Kassahun Gofe on diesel supply cut, March 17 2026. https://www.bbc.com/amharic - The Reporter Ethiopia -- civil servant mandatory leave, March 4 2026. https://www.thereporterethiopia.com - IMF -- foreign reserves ~$4B (April 2025), external debt ~$29B. https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ETH - Reuters -- sovereign bond default, December 2023. https://www.reuters.com - IEA World Energy Balances -- Ethiopia energy mix (2014 data). https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics ### Kenya - EPRA -- May 15 2026 fuel price review (diesel 242.92 KSh/L, petrol 214.25 KSh/L). https://www.epra.go.ke - Reuters -- May 18 protests coverage. https://www.reuters.com - Bloomberg -- May 18 protests coverage. https://www.bloomberg.com - DW Swahili -- May 18 protests coverage. https://www.dw.com/sw - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics / EPRA -- installed capacity 3,778 MW, grid mix (2024). https://www.knbs.or.ke - IMF -- Extended Fund Facility (expired 2025; no successor program as of May 2026). https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/KEN ### Tanzania - EWURA -- official May 2026 fuel price caps (diesel 4,248 TSh/L Dar, 4,341 TSh Mtwara). https://www.ewura.go.tz/publications/petroleum-price - EWURA -- February 2026 pre-crisis diesel price (2,701 TSh/L) - EWURA -- diesel subsidy 259 TSh/L - Global Forest Watch / worldrainforests.com -- deforestation ~400,000 ha/year ### Ghana - Bloomberg -- cedi world's strongest currency, April 2025. https://www.bloomberg.com - IMF -- $3B Extended Credit Facility. https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/GHA - Fitch Ratings -- upgraded Ghana to B (positive outlook), May 8 2026. https://www.fitchratings.com ### UEMOA / CFA Zone - Westafdaily -- UEMOA "fractured" under fuel price pressure, May 2026 - GlobalPetrolPrices -- Senegal diesel 680 CFA/L, May 18 2026. https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/Senegal/diesel_prices/ ### South Africa - DMRE (Department of Mineral Resources and Energy) -- diesel R31.18/L inland, R30.30/L coast (wholesale), May 2026. https://www.dmre.gov.za - Moneyweb -- diesel price surge coverage, May 2026. https://www.moneyweb.co.za ### Angola - OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report -- crude production ~1.1M bpd. https://www.opec.org ### General / Cross-Cutting - Fortune -- Brent crude $108.76/barrel, 9 AM ET May 21 2026. https://fortune.com - GlobalPetrolPrices -- global diesel average $1.57/L ($5.94/gal), May 18 2026. https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/diesel_prices/ - IEA -- classified Hormuz closure as "largest supply disruption in history of global oil market." https://www.iea.org - Zero Carbon Analytics -- SSA import exposure report, March 2026 - African Security Analysis -- structural vulnerability report, 2026 - Pan African Review -- Iran war exposure analysis, April 2026 - DefenceWeb -- African strategic autonomy argument, April 2026. https://www.defenceweb.co.za - IMF / World Bank -- GDP per capita, population estimates. https://www.imf.org / https://data.worldbank.org - IEA World Energy Balances / World Bank -- cross-referenced grid mix, biomass dependency. https://www.iea.org / https://data.worldbank.org ## Data Currency Fuel prices: verified against live sources May 21, 2026. Prices change rapidly during crisis conditions. Population: World Bank most recent available (varies by country, 2023-2025 estimates). Credit ratings: Fitch Ratings, checked May 21 2026 (Ghana upgraded from B- to B on May 8 2026). Forex reserves: latest available central bank disclosures. --- All claims cited with sources where available. Scenario projections are analysis, not predictions. URLs verified functional as of May 23, 2026. Verify critical numbers before using in your own work.